Female Fertility Basics

Female fertility depends on regular ovulation, hormonal balance, and egg quality — which declines gradually with age, especially after 35.

How the cycle supports conception

Each month, hormones prompt an ovary to release an egg (ovulation). The egg can be fertilised for only about 12–24 hours, while the uterine lining thickens to receive an embryo. If pregnancy doesn't happen, the lining sheds as a period. Regular, predictable cycles are usually a good sign that ovulation is happening.

Common factors

• Age and ovarian reserve
• PCOS and irregular ovulation
• Thyroid disorders
• Endometriosis
• Lifestyle: weight, smoking, extreme exercise

Why age matters

Women are born with all the eggs they will ever have, and both the number and quality decline over time. Fertility is generally highest in the 20s, declines gradually through the early 30s, and more noticeably after 35. This doesn't mean pregnancy after 35 is unlikely — many people conceive naturally — but it can take longer and is worth factoring into your planning.

Habits that support fertility

• Eat a balanced diet and keep a healthy weight — both very low and very high weight can disrupt ovulation
• Take folic acid before and during early pregnancy
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol
• Manage stress and aim for consistent sleep
• Treat underlying conditions like thyroid problems or PCOS

When to speak to a doctor

See a doctor after 12 months of trying if you are under 35, or after 6 months if you are 35 or older. Go sooner if your periods are irregular or absent, you have known conditions such as PCOS, endometriosis or thyroid disease, or you have had pelvic surgery or more than one miscarriage. Early testing simply gives you information and options.

Common myths

• A regular period guarantees strong fertility — helpful, but not a guarantee
• You can easily 'catch up' later — age-related decline is gradual and real
• Fertility is only the woman's concern — male factors are involved about half the time
• One test tells you everything — doctors look at several results together

To put this into practice, learn how to find your fertile window, track cycles with the fertility tracker, and read our guide on when to seek fertility help if trying is taking longer than expected.

This article is for general education and is not a substitute for personalised medical advice. Speak with a qualified doctor about your specific situation.